Biology for Kids: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
What is Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an organelle inside the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell that has a network of tubules in it. Ribosomes are usually attached or involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Often, ER worked with Golgi apparatus (which takes packages and applies changes and transports it when necessary) and ribosomes. (Structure in cell that makes protein)
What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER) is a flat endoplasmic reticulum that had ribosomes attached to its outside surface. It belongs to a continuous membrane, the nuclear envelope surrounding the cell nucleus, and it’s name comes from the ribosomes covering it. What sets RER aside from the other ER, “Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)” is that the SER has a smooth service and is in the shape of a tube. (It takes part in storing lipids)
The ribosomes that connect to the RER known as, “membrane bound ribosomes.” This is because they attach to the outside of the ER on the cytosolic side firmly. In a liver cell alone, An average RER has around thirteen million ribosomes attached to it.
What does Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Do?
RER is an essential part of the process of making protein. It takes part in folding protein as well as quality control, and finally dispatch. Endoplasmic reticulum occurs in not only humans, but in animals and plants as a site for making lipids and proteins. Those proteins are then sent to other organelles in the body.
Membrane bound ribosomes play a major role in maging protein. They are responsible for any assembly of the proteins. In the pancreas and digestive trap, a high amount of protein preduced as Enzymes. When the rough ER works with membrane bound ribosomes, they take polypeptides as well as amino acids from cytosol and continue to assemble protein. This includes recognizing a destination at an early stage.
Proteins are made for a few organelles, including; Lysosomes, endosome, Plant vacuoles, plasma membrane, the Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and even the Endoplasmic Reticulum itself. For the ER, proteins are delivered to the lumen. There, sugar groups are added to some proteins in the lumen which then form, glycoproteins.Other proteins, have metal groups added.
From Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi Apparatus
For the most part, proteins are transferred to the Golgi apparatus. There it will be ”finished” and sent to set locations in the body. ER occurs in all the cell, but the closer to the nucleus or Golgi apparatus it is, the higher the density.
The Golgi Apparatus and ER are close to each other, enough that observations show chemicals produced most likely directly pass to one another, and not going through the vestibules to transport to the cytoplasm.
Protein Synthesis
The process of protein synthesis begins by translation. This is when the protein is made from RNA as it grows. Depending on if it has a signal sequence at the end of its terminal or not, it binds to a signal recognition particle. This carries the ribosome to the RER membrane. After being bound, the signal recognition particle dissociates and does one of two things; it embeds into the RER Membrane or transmitted into the a lumen for the RER.
In the lumen, proteins are modified a bit in various ways, like having signal sequences removed and glycosylation (The process in which oligosaccharides is added and produces a glycoprotein), the form of the protein may also change.
From the RER, the molecule takes its three-dimensional conformation, from their proteins in the lumen move to a transitional region that most need ribosomes. Some proteins, secretory proteins come from sells which then are packed in vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus. Others stay in the ER to do their assigned jobs.
The folding process of proteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum to make important biochemical architecture. This provides “lock and key” as well as other linking sites.
Also found in the lumen, there is a quality control checking process. Any proteins during the check that are found formed or folded wrong are denied. Those proteins are instead stored in the lumen or they are sent to be recycled and broken down into amino acids. Whenever a protein folds in a ay it shouldn’t, it's usually the result of faulty genetic coding.
When there is something abnormal about the structure or function of an RER, it associates with certain diseases in people. Mostly, the excess of proteins in the RER that were not returned to the cytosol to be degraded. This brings stress, causing cell dysfunction, and cell death.
